Truth About Mold - Research Papers

Truth About Mold

Research Papers

Government agencies, mainstream medical organizations, teaching hospitals, allopathic physicians, insurance companies, defense attorneys, bought-and-paid-for defense witnesses and other naysayers will tell you that mold isn't harmful or that it only causes allergic reactions or it effects only immune-compromised individuals.

That is false and misleading.

The research is clear. Mold and indoor contaminants can cause serious health problems.

There are thousands of research papers regarding the health effects of indoor contaminants. It's important to remember that the naysayers ignore many of these papers in their ongoing strategy of misinformation and denial.

The following partial list of research papers is provided as a starting point to help you see some of the research available on this subject. This list will be updated periodically.

If someone tells you that mold isn't harmful, give them this list of research papers.

If you want to understand why government agencies, insurance companies and others refuse to tell the truth about the health effects of toxic mold, read the Global Indoor Health Network's paper on Naysayers and Deniers.

1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality – Dampness and Mould. http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/7989289041683/en/. Published 2009.

2. Ammann HM. Indoor Mold Contamination--a Threat to Health? J Environ Health. 2002;64(6):43.

3. Ammann HM. Indoor Mold Contamination--a Threat to Health? Part Two. J Environ Health. 2003 Sep 1;66(2):47.

4. Daschner A. An Evolutionary-Based Framework for Analyzing Mold and Dampness-Associated Symptoms in DMHS. Front Immunol. January 2017;7(672). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00672.

5. McMahon SW, Hope JH, Thrasher JD, Rea WJ, Vinitsky AR, Gray MR. Global Indoor Health Network (GIHN). Common Toxins in Our Homes, Schools and Businesses. December 17, 2012. (This 2012 position statement by GIHN has been replaced with new papers on individual topics.)

6. Gray MR. Progressive Healthcare Group. http://www.phgaz.com.

7. Gray MR. Cumulative Organic Chemical Hyper-Toxicity (COCHT). Educational videos.

https://www.youtube.com/user/MyChemicalAllergy.

8. International Society for Environmentally Acquired Illness (ISEAI). https://iseai.org.

9. World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen. Indoor Air Pollutants: Exposure and Health Effects. Report on a WHO Meeting. June 8-11, 1982.

10. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, with the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois. Toxicologic and Analytical Studies with T-2 and Related Trichothecene Mycotoxins (3-year study on the inhalation effects of mycotoxins). August 20, 1985, Contract No. DAMD17-82-C-2179.

11. Etzel RA. Toxic Effects of Indoor Molds. Amer Acad Pediatr. 1998 Apr;101(4)712-714.

12. Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, USA. 1997.

13. Forgacs J, Carll WT. Mycotoxicosis. Adv Vet Sci. 1962;7:273-293.

14. Forgacs J. Stachybotryotoxicosis. Microbial Toxins Vol. III. Published by Academic Press. 1972:95-128.

15. Ammann HM. Inhalation Exposure and Toxic Effects of Mycotoxins. Biology of Microfungi. 2016:495-523.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_20.

16. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. Published by ACGIH. 1999.

17. Shoemaker RC. Mold Warriors: Fighting America’s Hidden Health Threat. Published by Gateway Press. April 2005.

18. Shoemaker RC. Surviving Mold: Life in the Era of Dangerous Buildings. Published by Otter Bay Books. December 15, 2010.

19. Johanning E. Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health. Published by Fungal Research Group Foundation. March 1,2005:508 pages.

20. Johanning E. Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins, Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Published by Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health. December 31, 1999:638 pages.

21. Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Jul;16(3): 497-516. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003.

22. Kilburn KH. Towards Healthy Homes. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009;25(9-10):737-740. doi:10.1177/0748233709351442.

23. Nathan N. Mold and Mycotoxins: Current Evaluation & Treatment. Published by BookBaby. July 17, 2016.

24. Azuma K, Ikeda K, Kagi N, Yanagi U, Hasegawa K, Osawa H. Effects Of Water-Damaged Homes After Flooding: Health Status of the Residents and the Environmental Risk Factors. Int J Environ Health Res. 2014 Apr;24(2):158-175. doi:10.1080/09603123.2013.800964.

25. Billings K, Billings LA. Mold: The War Within. Published by Partners Publishing LLC. June 1, 2013.

26. Croft WA, Jarvis BB, Yatawara CS. Airborne Outbreak of Trichothecene Toxicosis. Atmos Environ. 1986;20(3):549–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90096-X.

27. Johanning E, Biagini R, Hull D, Morey P, Jarvis B, Landsbergis P. Health and Immunology Study Following Exposure to Toxigenic Fungi (Stachybotrys chartarum) in Water-Damaged Office Environment. Int Arch Occ Environ Health. 1986;68(4):207-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381430.

28. Hodgson MJ, Morey P, Leung WY, et al. Building-Associated Pulmonary Disease from Exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. Int J Occ Environ Med. 1988;40(3):241-249.

29. Gray MR, Thrasher JD, Crago R, et al. Mixed Mold Mycotoxicosis: Immunological Changes in Humans Following Exposure in Water-Damaged Buildings. Arch Environ Health. 2003 Jul;58(7):410-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.2003.11879142.

30. Cooley JD, Wong WC, Jumper CA, Straus DC. Fungi and the Indoor Environment: Their Impact on Human Health. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2004;55:1-30. doi:10.1016/S0065-2164(04)55001-3.

31. Rea WJ, Didriksen N, Simon TR, et al. Effects of Toxic Exposure to Molds and Mycotoxins in Building-Related Illnesses. Arch Environ Health. 2003;58(758):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.2003.11879140.

32. Etzel, RA. What the Primary Care Pediatrician Should Know about Syndromes Associated with Exposures to Mycotoxins. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. September 2006;36(8):282-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.05.003.

33. Shoemaker RC, House DE. A Time-Series Study of Sick Building Syndrome: Chronic, Biotoxin-Associated Illness from Exposure to Water-Damaged Buildings. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005;27(1):29-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2004.07.005.

34. Hope JH. A Review of the Mechanism of Injury and Treatment Approaches for Illness Resulting from Exposure to Water-Damaged Buildings, Mold and Mycotoxins. The Scientific World Journal. 2013;article ID 767482:20 pages. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/767482.

35. Berndtson, Keith. Mold Toxicity: A Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (presentation). December 17, 2013.

36. Thrasher JD. Gray MR, Kilburn KH, Dennis DP, Yu A. A Water-Damaged Home and Health of Occupants: A Case Study. J Environ Public Health. 2012:article ID 312836:10 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/312836.

37. Thrasher JD, Hooper DH, Taber, J. Family of Six, their Health and the Death of a 16-Month-Old Male from Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Identification of Mycotoxins and Mold in the Home and Lungs, Liver and Brain of Deceased Infant. Global J Med Res: K Interdisciplinary. 2014;14(5)Version 1.0.

38. Thrasher JD, Prokop C, Roberts C, Hooper D. A Family with ME/CFS Following Exposure to Molds, Mycotoxins and Bacteria in a Water-Damaged Home: A Case Report. Int J Clin Toxicol. 2016;4:14-23.

39. Tuuminen T, Rinne KS. Severe Sequelae to Mold-Related Illness as Demonstrated in Two Finnish Cohorts. Front Immunol. 2017 Apr 3;8(382). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00382.

40. Curtis L, Lieberman A, Stark M, Rea W, Vetter M. Adverse Health Effects of Indoor Molds. J Nutrit Environ Med. September 2004;14(3):261-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400010318.

41. Mudarri D, Fisk WJ. Public Health and Economic Impact of Dampness and Mold. Indoor Air. 2007 Jun;17(3):226-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00474.x.

42. Kilburn K. Neurobehavioral and Pulmonary Impairment in 105 Adults with Indoor Exposure to Molds Compared to 100 Exposed to Chemicals. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 Oct-Nov;25(9-10):681-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233709348390.

43. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Alert: Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures Caused by Dampness in Office Buildings, Schools, and Other Nonindustrial Buildings. Publication No. 2013–102. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-102/pdfs/2013-102.pdf. Published November 2012.

44. Cho SJ, Cox-Ganser JM, Park JH. Observational Scores of Dampness and Mold Associated with Measurements of Microbial Agents and Moisture in Three Public Schools. Indoor Air. April 2016;26(2):168-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12191.

45. Dedesko S, Siegel JA. Moisture Parameters and Fungal Communities Associated with Gypsum Drywall in Buildings. Microbiome. 2015;3:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0137-y.

46. Andersen B, Dosen I, Lewinska AM, Nielsen KF. Pre-Contamination of New Gypsum Wallboard with Potentially Harmful Fungal Species. Indoor Air: 2017;27(1):6-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12298.

47. Gravesen S, Nielsen PA, Iversen R, Nielsen KF. Microfungal Contamination of Damp Buildings – Examples of Risk Constructions and Risk Materials. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Jun;107(Suppl 3):505–508.

48. Michigan State University Extension. Wood-Damaging Fungi: Chapter 7 of Management of Wood-Destroying Pests. December 2000;Extension Bulletin E-2047.

49. Andersen B, Dosen I, Lewinska AM, Nielsen KF. Pre-Contamination of New Gypsum Wallboard with Potentially Harmful Fungal Species. Indoor Air. 2017 Jan;27(1):6-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12298.

50. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Healthy Homes Issues: Mold. Version 3. March 2006. https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/DOC_12483.PDF.

51. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Mold Course, Chapter 2: Why and Where Mold Grows. Page last updated on February 21, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-course-chapter-2.

52. Thrasher JD. The Biocontaminants and Complexity of Damp Indoor Spaces: More Than What Meets the Eyes. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009;25(9-10):583-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233709348386.

53. Thrasher JD. Fungi, Bacteria, Nano-Particulates, Mycotoxins and Human Health in Water-Damaged Indoor Environments. Journal of Community and Public Health Nursing. 2016;2(2):8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jcphn.1000115.

54. Lee TG. Health Symptoms Caused by Molds in a Courthouse. Published in Molds and Mycotoxins. Arch Environ Health. Dr. Kaye H. Kilburn, M.D. (ed.) Heldref Publications. 2003;58(7):442-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.2003.11879145.

55. Occupational Safety and Health Organization (OSHA). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial and Institutional Buildings. 2011;3430-04:28 pages. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3430indoor-air-quality-sm.pdf.

56. Yang CS. Biological Contamination in the HVAC System. P&K Microbiology Services, Inc. 2000. INvironment. http://www.abatement.com/media/pdf/biological-contaminants-hvac-system.pdf.

57. Rao CY, Riggs MA, Chew GL, et al. Characterization of Airborne Molds, Endotoxins, and Glucans in Homes in New Orleans after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(5):1630-1634. doi:10.1128/AEM.01973-06.

58. Rylander R. Airborne (1→3)-β-d-Glucan Disease in a Day-Care Center Before and After Renovation. Arch Environ Health. 1997;52:281-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899709602199.

59. Rylander R, Norhall M, Engdahl U, Tunsater A, Holt PG. Airway Inflammation, Atopy and (1→3)-β-d-Glucan Exposure in Two Schools. Amer J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(5 Pt 1):1685-1687. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9712139.

60. Chew GL, Douwes J, Doekes G, Higgins KM, van Strien R, Spithoven J, Brunekreef B. Fungal Extracellular Polysaccharides, β (1→3)‐Glucans and Culturable Fungi in Repeated Sampling of House Dust. Indoor Air. 2001;11(3):171-178. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2001.011003171.x.

61. Gehring U, Douwes J, Doekes G, et al. Beta(1-->3)-glucan in House Dust of German Homes: Housing Characteristics, Occupant Behavior, and Relations with Endotoxins, Allergens, and Molds. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(2):139-144.

62. Beijer L, Thorn T, Rylander R. Effects After Inhalation of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and Relation to Mould Exposure in the Home. Mediators Inflamm. 2002;11(3):149-53.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09622935020138181.

63. Douwes J, Siebers R, Wouters I, Doekes G, Fitzharris P, Crane J. Endotoxin, (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucans and Fungal Extra-Cellular Polysaccharides in New Zealand Homes: A Pilot Study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006;13(2):361-365.

64. Giovannangelo ME, Gehring U, Nordling E, et al. Levels and Determinants of (1-3)-β-glucans and Fungal Extracellular Polysaccharides in House Dust of (Pre-) School Children in Three European Countries. Environ Int. 2007;33(1):9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.018.

65. Seo S-C, Reponen T, Levin L, Borchdelt T, Grinshpun SA. Aerosolization of Particulate (1→3)-β-D-Glucan from Moldy Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(3):585-593.

66. Seo S-C, Reponen T, Levin L, Grinshpun SA. Size-Fractionated (1→3)-β-D-Glucan Concentrations Aerosolized from Different Moldy Building Materials. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407(2):806-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.018.

67. Charpin-Kadouch C, Maurel G, Felipo R, et al. Mycotoxin Identification in Moldy Dwellings. J Appl Toxicol. 2006;26(6):475-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1164.

68. Madsen AM, Larsen ST, Koponen IK, et al. Generation and Characterization of Indoor Fungal Aerosols for Inhalation Studies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016 Apr;82(8):2479-2493. doi:10.1128/AEM.04063-15.

69. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mold Prevention Strategies and Possible Health Effects in the Aftermath of Hurricanes and Major Floods. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) Recommendations and Reports. June 9, 2006;55(RR08):1-27.

70. Choi H, Schmidbauer N, Bornehag CG. Volatile Organic Compounds of Possible Microbial Origin and Their Risks on Childhood Asthma and Allergies within Damp Homes. Environ Int. 2017 Jan;98:143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.028.

71. Inamdar AA, Hossain MM, Bernstein AI, Miller GW, Richardson JR, Bennett JW. Fungal-derived Semiochemical 1-octen-3-ol Disrupts Dopamine Packaging and Causes Neurodegeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013 Nov 26;110(48):19561-19566. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318830110.

72. Betancourt DA, Krebs K, Moore SA, Martin SM. Microbial Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Stachybotrys chartarum Growing on Gypsum Wallboard and Ceiling Tile. BMC Microbiology. 2013;13:283. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-283.

73. Inamdar AA, Bennett JW. A Common Fungal Volatile Organic Compound Induces a Nitric Oxide Mediated Inflammatory Response in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep. 2014 Feb 10;4:article 3833. doi:10.1038/srep03833.

74. Hung R, Lee S, Bennett JW. Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Role in Ecosystems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Apr;99(8):3395-3405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6494-4.

75. Zhao G, Yin G, Inamdar AA, et al. Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Flooded Homes After Hurricane Sandy Show Toxicity in a Drosophila Bioassay. Indoor Air. 2017 May;27(3):518-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12350.

76. Lemfack MC, Nickel J, Dunkel M, Preissner R, Peichulla B. mVOC: A Database of Microbial Volatiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 1 January 2014;42(D1):D744–D748. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1250.

77. Pessi AM, Suonketo J, Pentti M, Kurkilahti M, Peltola K, Rantio-Lehtimaki A. Microbial Growth Inside Insulated External Walls as an Indoor Air Biocontamination Source. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(2):963-967. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.2.963-967.2002.

78. Hope AP, Simon RA. Excess Dampness and Mold Growth in Homes: An Evidence-Based Review of the Aero-Irritant Effect and its Potential Causes. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(3):262-270(9). https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2007.28.3004.

79. Menzies D, Comtois P, Pasztor J, Nunes F, Hanley JA. Aeroallergens and Work-Related Respiratory Symptoms among Office Workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(1):38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70191-5.

80. Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Sigsgaard T. Dampness in Buildings and Health (DBH): Report from an Ongoing Epidemiological Investigation on the Association between Indoor Environmental Factors and Health Effects among Children in Sweden. Indoor Air. 2004;14(Suppl 7):59-66.

81. Marinkovich VA. Fungal Hypersensitivity: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Therapy. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2004;55:289-307.

82. Park JH, Schleiff PL, Attfield MD, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K. Building-Related Respiratory Symptoms Can be Predicted with Semi-Quantitative Indices of Exposure to Dampness and Mold. Indoor Air. 2004;14:425-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00291.x.

83. Cho SH, Seo SC, Schmechel D, Grinshpun SA, Reponen A. Aerodynamic Characteristics and Respiratory Deposition of Fungal Fragments. Atmos Environ. 2005;39(30):5454-5465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.042.

84. Dangman KH, Bracker AL, Storey E. Work-Related Asthma in Teachers in Connecticut Schools with Chronic Water Damage and Fungal Growth. Conn Med. 2005;69(1):9-17.

85. Cox-Ganser JM, White SK, Jones R, et al. Respiratory Morbidity in Office Workers in a Water-Damaged Building. Environ Health Perspec. 2005 Apr;113(4):485-90. doi:10.1289/ehp.7559.

86. Jaakkola JJK, Hwang BF, Jaakkola N. Home Dampness and Molds, Parental Atopy, and Asthma in Childhood: A Six-Year Population-Based Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(3):357–361. doi:10.1289/ehp.7242.

87. Denning DW, O’Driscoll BR, Hogaboam CM, Bowyer P, Niven RM. The Link Between Fungi and Severe Asthma: A Summary of the Evidence. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:615-626. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00074705.

88. Jaakkola JJK, Ieromnimon A, Jaakkola MS. Interior Surface Materials and Asthma in Adults: A Population-Based Incident Case-Control Study. Am J Epidemiol. October 15, 2006;164(8):742–749. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj249.

89. Park J-H, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K, White SK, Rao CV. Hydrophilic Fungi and Ergosterol Associated with Respiratory Illness in a Water-Damaged Building. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Jan;116:45-50. doi:10.1289/ehp.10355.

90. Laney AS, Cragin LA, Blevins LZ, et al. Sarcoidosis, Asthma and Asthma-Like Symptoms Among Occupants of a Historically Water-Damaged Office Building. Indoor Air. February 2009;19:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00564.x.

91. Fisk WJ, Eliseeva EA, Mendell MJ. Association of Residential Dampness and Mold with Respiratory Tract Infections and Bronchitis: A Meta-Analysis. Environ Health. 2010;9:72:1-11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-72.

92. Karvala K, Toskala E, Luukkonen R, Lappalainen S, Uitti J, Nordman H. New-Onset Adult Asthma in Relation to Damp and Moldy Workplaces. Int Arch Occ Environ Health. 2001;83(8):855–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0507-5.

93. Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, et al. Respiratory and Allergic Health Effects of Dampness, Mold and Dampness-Related Agents: A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jun;119(6):748-756. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002410.

94. Park J-H, Cox-Ganser JM. Mold Exposure and Respiratory Health in Damp Indoor Environments. Frontiers Biosci. 2011;E3:757-71. doi:10.2741/e284.

95. Reponen T, Vesper S, Levin L, et al. High Environmental Relative Moldiness Index During Infancy as a Predictor of Asthma at 7 Years of Age. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107(2):120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.04.018.

96. Croston TL, Lemons AR, Beezhold DH, Green BJ. MicroRNA Regulation of Host Immune Responses following Fungal Exposure. Front. Immunol. 2018 Feb 07;9(170)1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00170.

97. Croston TL, Nayak AP, Lemons AR, et al. Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subchronic

Stachybotrys chartarum Exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):AB75. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.291.

98. Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson, WG, et al. Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants Associated with Exposure to Stachybotrys atra and Other Fungi. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152(8):757-762. doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.8.757.

99. Apostolakos MJ, Rossmoore H, Beckett WS. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis from Ordinary Residential Exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Sep;109(9):979–981.

100. Rylander R. The Link Between Exposure to Mould and Respiratory Problems is Incontrovertible. Lakartidningen. 1998 May 20;95(21):2445-2446.

101. Creasia DA, Nealley ML, Jones LJ, York CG, Wannemacher RW, Bunner DL. Acute Inhalation Toxicity of a Saline Suspension of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice. U.S. Army Medical Research Inst of Infectious Disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Nov 07. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a190156.pdf.

102. Park J-H, Cho SJ, White SK, Cox-Ganser JM. Changes in Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Symptoms in Occupants of a Large Office Building over a Period of Moisture Damage Remediation Attempts. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0191165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191165.

103. Dickson SD, Tankersley MS. Fatal Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis from Exposure to Fusarium vasinfectum in a Home Environment: A Case Report. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2015;166(2):150-153. doi:10.1159/000377631.

104. Park J-H, Kreiss K, Cox-Ganser JM. Rhinosinusitis and Mold as Risk Factors for Asthma Symptoms in Occupants of a Water-Damaged Building. Indoor Air. 2012;22(5):396-404. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00775.x.

105. Chen CH, Chao HJ, Chang-Chuan CC, Chen BY, Guo YL. Current Asthma in Schoolchildren is Related to Fungal Spores in Classrooms. Chest. 2014;146(1):123-134. doi:10.1378/chest.13-2129.

106. Bornehag CG, Blomquist G, Gyntelberg F, et al. Dampness in Buildings and Health. Nordic Interdisciplinary Review of the Scientific Evidence on Associations Between Exposure to “Dampness” in Buildings and Health Effects (NORDDAMP). Indoor Air. 2001 Jun;11(2):72-86.

107. Campbell AW, Thrasher JD, Madison RA, et al. Neural Antibodies and Neurophysiologic Abnormalities in Patients Exposed to Molds in Water-Damaged Buildings. Arch Environ Health. August 2003;58(8):464-74. https://doi.org/10.3200/AEOH.58.8.464-474.

108. LaDou J, Teitelbaum DT, Egilman DS, Frank AL, Kramer SN, Huff J. American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM): A Professional Association in Service to Industry. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2007 Oct/Dec;13(4):404-426.

109. Armstrong D. Amid Suits Over Mold, Experts Wear Two Hats. The Wall Street Journal. January 9, 2007.

110. Global Indoor Health Network. Discussion of Naysayers and Deniers. September 2017. https://www.globalindoorhealthnetwork.com/GIHN-papers.

111. Anyanwu EC, Campbell AW, Vojdani A. Neurophysiological Effects of Chronic Indoor Environmental Toxic Mold Exposure on Children. The Scientific World Journal. 2003;3:281-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.22.

112. Empting, LD. Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Features of Mold and Mycotoxin Exposure. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009;25(9-10):577-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233709348393.

113. Gordon WA, Cantor JB, Johanning E, et al. Cognitive Impairment Associated with Toxigenic Fungal Exposure: A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings. Appl Neuropsychol. 2004;11:65-74. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an1102_1.

114. Campbell AW, Thrasher JD, Gray MR, Vojdani A. Mold and Mycotoxins: Effects on the Neurological and Immune Systems in Humans. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2004;55:375-406.

115. Anyanwu E, Campbell AW, Jones J, Ehiri JE. The Neurological Significance of Abnormal Natural Killer Cell Activity in Chronic Toxigenic Mold Exposures. Sci World J. 2003;3 1128-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.98.

116. Lieberman A, Curtis L, Campbell A. Development of New-Onset Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Following Exposure to a Water-Damaged Home with High Airborne Mold Levels: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature. J. Neurol Res. 2017;7(3):59-62. https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr413e.

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